![]() Several psychometric instruments have been proposed to detect malingering, from multidimensional personality inventories ( Berry et al., 2001 Edens, Cruise & Buffington-Vollum, 2001) to specific tests for malingering (for a review, see Sellbom & Bagby, 2008). They include major depression, generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Various studies have demonstrated that several psychopathologies can be simulated by malingering individuals ( Lees-Haley & Dunn, 1994 Bowen & Bryant, 2006 Baity et al., 2007). ![]() Because of these reasons, over the past two decades, symptom validity research in this field has significantly intensified ( Otto & Heilbrun, 2002 Douglas, Otto & Borum, 2003 McLaughlin & Kan, 2014). Criminal defendants simulate psychopathology to avoid or to delay punishment or to obtain more favorable conditions ( Rogers, 2008). ![]() The forensic framework and in particular criminal defendants represent a challenging situation characterized by a high frequency of malingering behaviors ( Merten & Rogers, 2017) although with different base rate ( Mittenberg et al., 2002 Young, 2014). A significant percentage of individuals undergoing psychological evaluation may feign psychopathological symptoms especially when the context is perceived as challenging, such as in the forensic ( Rogers, Sewell & Goldstein, 1994) and clinical ( Noeker & Petermann, 2011) settings. The detection of malingering is an important topic in psychology (for a comprehensive review, see Seron, 2014) raising practical and ethical issues ( Bass & Halligan, 2014).
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